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Bhagavad Gita · BG 17.19

Bhagavad Gita 17.19 — Commentary

20 Scholarly Commentaries · Advaita · Vishishtadvaita · Dvaita · Bhakti

Shankaracharya · Ramanuja · Madhvacharya · Chinmayananda · Sivananda · and more

Sanskrit Original — मूल श्लोक

मूढग्राहेणात्मनो यत्पीडया क्रियते तपः।परस्योत्सादनार्थं वा तत्तामसमुदाहृतम्

mūḍha-grāheṇātmano yat pīḍayā kriyate tapaḥ parasyotsādanārthaṁ vā tat tāmasam udāhṛitam

"That austerity which is practised out of a foolish notion, with self-torture, or for the purpose of destroying another, is declared to be of the Tamasic nature."

Scholar Commentaries (20)

Compare how different schools of Vedantic philosophy interpret this verse.

Sri Shankaracharya

8th century CE · Advaita Vedanta

Advaita

The greatest Advaita philosopher, authored the definitive Sanskrit commentary (Bhasya) on the Gita.

,मूढग्राहेण अविवेकनिश्चयेन आत्मनः पीडया यत् क्रियते तपः परस्य उत्सादनार्थं विनाशार्थं वा? तत् तामसं तपः उदाहृतम्।।इदानीं दानत्रैविध्यम् उच्यते --,

Sri Ramanuja

11th–12th century CE · Vishishtadvaita

Vishishtadvaita

Founder of Vishishtadvaita, emphasized Bhakti and the personal nature of Brahman.

मूढाः -- अविवेकिनः मूढग्राहेण मूढैः कृतेन अभिनिविशेन आत्मनः शक्त्यादिकम् अपरीक्ष्य आत्मपीडया यत् तपः क्रियते परस्य उत्सादनार्थं च यत् तपः क्रियते? तत् तामसम् उदाहृतम्।

Sri Madhavacharya

13th century CE · Dvaita Vedanta

Dvaita

Proponent of Dvaita philosophy emphasizing the eternal distinction between soul and God.

Sri Madhvacharya did not comment on this sloka.,

Swami Chinmayananda

20th century CE · Neo-Vedanta

Neo-Vedanta

Modern Vedantic teacher whose commentary bridges ancient wisdom with contemporary life.

इस श्लोक का अर्थ स्वत स्पष्ट है। एक तपस्वी साधक को तप के वास्तविक स्वरूप? उसके प्रयोजन तथा विधि का सम्यक् ज्ञान होना चाहिए। इस ज्ञान के अभाव में साधक अपने व्यक्तित्व के सुगठन तथा आत्मसाक्षात्कार के मार्ग पर अग्रसर नहीं हो सकता।वेदोपदिष्ट तप का विपरीत अर्थ समझने पर मनुष्य उसके द्वारा केवल स्वयं को ही पीड़ित कर सकता है। ऐसे आत्मपीड़न से शुद्ध आत्मा का सौन्दर्य अभिव्यक्त नहीं हो सकता वह तो हमारे पूर्णस्वरूप का केवल उपाहासास्पद व्यंगचित्र ही चित्रित कर सकता है। मूढ़ तामस तप का फल कुरूप व्यक्तित्व? विकृत भावनाएं और हीन आदर्श ही हो सकता है।दान के भी तीन प्रकार होते हैं? जिन्हें अगले श्लोक में बताया जा रहा है

Swami Sivananda

20th century CE · Integral Yoga

Integral Yoga

Divine Life Society founder who synthesised Jnana, Bhakti, Karma, and Raja Yoga.

17.19 मूढग्राहेण out of a foolish notion? आत्मनः of the self? यत् which? पीडया with torture? क्रियते is practised? तपः austerity? परस्य of another? उत्सादनार्थम् for the purpose of destroying? वा or? तत् that? तामसम् Tamasic? उदाहृतम् is declared.Commentary Some burn sulphur in a pot and place it on their head. Some thrust hooks of iron into their flesh. Some hang themselves with their head downwards over fire and swallow smoke. Some stand in cold water immersed up to the neck. Some torture the body by lighting fires on the four sides (with the sun as the fifth fire -- this is known as the Panchagni Tapas). Some sit in the centre of a circle of fire. Such austerities are Tamasic. These will not help one to attain knowledge of the Self.

Swami Ramsukhdas

20th century CE · Gita Press Gorakhpur

Bhakti

Prolific author and commentator whose Hindi commentaries are among the most widely read in India.

व्याख्या -- मूढग्राहेणात्मनो यत्पीडया क्रियते तपः -- तामस तपमें मूढ़तापूर्वक आग्रह होनेसे अपनेआपको पीड़ा देकर तप किया जाता है। तामस मनुष्योंमें मूढ़ताकी प्रधानता रहती है अतः जिसमें शरीरको? मनको कष्ट हो? उसीको वे तप मानते हैं।परस्योत्सादनार्थं वा -- अथवा वे दूसरोंको दुःख देनेके लिये तप करते हैं। उनका भाव रहता है कि शक्ति प्राप्त करनेके लिये तप (संयम आदि) करनेमें मुझे भले ही कष्ट सहना पड़े? पर दूसरोंको नष्टभ्रष्ट तो करना ही है। तामस मनुष्य दूसरोंको दुःख देनेके लिये उन तीन (कायिक? वाचिक और मानसिक) तपोंके आंशिक भागके सिवाय मनमाने ढंगसे उपवास करना? शीतघामको सहना आदि तप भी कर सकता है।तत्तामसमुदाहृतम् -- तामस मनुष्यका उद्देश्य ही दूसरोंको कष्ट देनेका? उनका अनिष्ट करनेका रहता है। अतः ऐसे उद्देश्यसे किया गया तप तामस कहलाता है।[सात्त्विक मनुष्य फलकी इच्छा न रखकर परमश्रद्धासे तप करता है? इसलिये वास्तवमें वही मनुष्य कहलानेलायक हैं। राजस मनुष्य सत्कार? मान? पूजा तथा दम्भके लिये तप करता है? इसलिये वह मनुष्य कहलानेलायक नहीं है क्योंकि सत्कार? मान आदि तो पशुपक्षियोंको भी प्रिय लगते हैं और वे बेचारे दम्भ भी नहीं करते तामस मनुष्य तो पशुओंसे भी नीचे हैं क्योंकि पशुपक्षी स्वयं दुःख पाकर दूसरोंको दुःख तो नहीं देते? पर यह तामस मनुष्य तो स्वयं दुःख पाकर दूसरोंको दुःख देता है।] सम्बन्ध -- अब भगवान् आगेके तीन श्लोकोंमें क्रमशः सात्त्विक? राजस और तामस दानके लक्षण बताते हैं।

Sri Harikrishnadas Goenka

19th–20th century CE · Gita Press

Vaishnava

Co-founder of Gita Press Gorakhpur whose translations shaped how millions of Hindus read scripture.

जो तप अपने शरीरको पीड़ा पहुँचाकर या दूसरेका बुरा करनेके लिये मूढ़तापूर्वक आग्रहसे अर्थात् अज्ञानपूर्वक निश्चयसे किया जाता है? वह तामसी तप कहा गया है।

Sri Anandgiri

13th century CE · Advaita

Advaita

Pupil of Adi Shankaracharya's lineage who wrote important sub-commentaries (Tikas).

तामसं तपः संगृह्णाति -- मूढेति। मूढोऽत्यन्ताविवेकी तस्य ग्राहो नामाग्रहोऽभिनिवेशस्तेनेत्याह -- अविवेकेति। आत्मनः स्वस्य देहादेरित्यर्थः।

Sri Dhanpati

14th century CE · Vedanta

Advaita

Disciple of Vidyaranya who authored important sub-commentaries on Vedantic texts.

एवं राजसं तप उक्त्वा तामसं तदाह। मूढग्राहेण अविवेकनिश्चयेन यद्येते तपश्चरन्ति तर्ह्यहमप्येतत्तपसोऽधिकं करिष्यामीत्येवमादिरुपेणात्मनः पीडया परस्योत्सादनार्थं वा एतादृशोऽयं कायिकवाचिकमानसतपोयुक्तोऽतोऽस्याज्ञापालनेनास्मदीयं कार्यं सर्वं सेत्स्यतीति बुद्धिं राजादीनामुत्पाद्य परस्य शत्रोर्नाशार्थं वा यत्तपः क्रियते तत्तामसमुदाहृतं शिष्टैः।

Sri Neelkanth

17th century CE · Advaita

Advaita

Wrote "Bhārata Bhāvadīpa", a verse-by-verse commentary on the Mahabharata including the Gita.

मूढग्राहेणाविवेककृतेन दुराग्रहेण। आत्मनः शरीरस्य उत्सादनार्थं विनाशार्थम्।

Sri Sridhara Swami

14th century CE · Advaita

Advaita

Authored "Subodhinī", widely praised for its clarity and depth across all Vedantic schools.

तामसं तप आह -- मूढेति। मूढग्राहेणाविवेककृतेन दुराग्रहेणात्मनः पीडया यत्तपः क्रियते परस्योत्सादनार्थं वाऽन्यस्य विनाशार्थमभिचाररूपं तत्तामसमुदाहृतं कथितम्।

Sri Vedantadeshikacharya Venkatanatha

13th–14th century CE · Vishishtadvaita

Vishishtadvaita

Prolific philosopher-poet of Sri Vaishnavism who composed the "Tatparya Chandrika" on the Gita.

अहितप्रवृत्तिहेतुभूतमूढत्वमहितेष्वेव हितत्वभ्रम इत्यभिप्रायेणाऽऽह -- अविवेकिन इति। मूढानामभिनिवेशेनेति समासार्थः। तत्र कर्तरि षष्ठीति सुव्यक्त्यर्थमाहमूढैः कृतेनाभिनिवेशेनेति। सामान्येनोक्तमनुष्ठातरि विशिष्याऽऽहआत्मनः शक्त्यादिकमपरीक्ष्येति। आदिशब्देन शास्त्रपर्युदस्तत्वम्?अशक्यानि दुरन्तानि समव्ययफलानि च। असाध्यानि च वस्तूनि नारभेत विचक्षणाः। इत्याद्युक्तविषयदोषाश्च संगृहीताः। अयथाबलारम्भादिरिहात्मपीडा? तेनाल्पपीडाकरयथाबलवतादिव्यवच्छेदः। यथोक्तंसन्निरीक्ष्य बलाबलम् इति। स्मरन्ति चदेशं कालं तथाऽऽत्मानं द्रव्याद्रव्यं प्रयोजनम्। उपपत्तिमवस्थां च ज्ञात्वा शौचं समाचरेत् इत्यादि।

Sri Abhinavgupta

10th–11th century CE · Kashmir Shaivism

Kashmir Shaivism

Supreme scholar of Kashmir Shaivism who interpreted the Gita through the non-dual Tantric lens.

श्रद्धयेत्यादि तामसमुदाहृतम् इत्यन्तम्। त्रिविधेऽपि तपसि श्रद्धा। सात्त्विकस्य हि तन्मयी एव श्रद्धा। राजसस्य तु रजसि दम्भादावेव श्रद्धा। तमोनिष्ठस्य पुनः परोत्सादनादावेव श्रद्धा। इति त्रिविधमपि तपः श्रद्धयोपेतमिति मुनिराह।

Sri Jayatritha

14th century CE · Dvaita Vedanta

Dvaita

A pre-eminent Dvaita scholar who wrote decisive commentaries defending Madhvacharya's views.

Sri Jayatirtha did not comment on this sloka.

Sri Madhusudan Saraswati

16th century CE · Advaita

Advaita

Wrote "Gudhartha Dipika", a celebrated commentary reconciling Advaita and Bhakti.

मूढेति। मूढग्राहेणावेवेकातिशयकृतेन दुराग्रहेणात्मनो देहेन्द्रियसंघातस्य पीडया यत्तपः क्रियते परस्योत्सादनार्थं वान्यस्य विनाशार्थमभिचाररूपं वा तत्तामसमुदाहृतं शिष्टैः।

Sri Purushottamji

16th century CE · Vallabha Sampradaya

Shuddhadvaita

Son of Sri Vallabhacharya, who continued the Pushti Marg tradition of Gita exposition.

तामसमाह -- मूढेति। मूढग्राहेण मूर्खताजनितदुराग्रहेण आत्मना जीवस्य पीडया यत्तपः क्रियते? वा परस्योत्सादनार्थं अन्यस्य विनाशार्थं तत्तामसमुदाहृतं? सम्यक् न युक्तमित्यर्थः।

Sri Vallabhacharya

15th–16th century CE · Shuddhadvaita

Shuddhadvaita

Founded the Pushti Marg devotional tradition, focused on Krishna as the Supreme Being.

Sri Vallabhacharya did not comment on this sloka.

Swami Gambirananda

20th century CE · Ramakrishna Mission

Advaita

Translated the Sanskrit commentaries of Shankara into precise English for modern readers.

17.19 Yat, that; tapah, austerity; which is kriyate, under-taken; mudha-grahena, with a foolish intent, with a conviction arising out of non-discriminating; pidaya, causing pain; atmanah, to oneself (to one's body etc.); va, or; utsadanartham, for the destruction; parasya, of another; tat, that; is udahrtam, said to be; an austerity tamasam, born of tamas. Now the classification of charity is being spoken of:

Dr. S. Sankaranarayan

20th century CE · Academic / Shaiva

Shaiva

Scholar-practitioner who authored commentaries uniting rigorous Indology with spiritual practice.

17.17-19 Sraddhaya etc. upto tamasam udahrtam. There is faith in all the three-fold austerity. the faith of a man of the Sattva is full of austerity itself. The faith of a man of the Rajas is in the Rajas i.e, showing (or hyprocricy) etc. But, the faith (or desire) of a man well established in the Tamas is merely in ruining others. Thus the sage speaks of all the three-fold austerity practised with faith.

Swami Adidevananda

20th century CE · Ramakrishna Mission

Vishishtadvaita

Ramakrishna Mission monk who translated the Gita Bhasya of Ramanuja into English.

17.19 Deluded persons are those who lack correct understanding. That austerity which is practised from deluded notion, viz., from the obstinate determination by deluded persons, by self-torture regardless of one's own capacity or which is performed for causing sufferings to others - that is said to be Tamasika.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is Shankaracharya's commentary on BG 17.19?

,मूढग्राहेण अविवेकनिश्चयेन आत्मनः पीडया यत् क्रियते तपः परस्य उत्सादनार्थं विनाशार्थं वा? तत् तामसं तपः उदाहृतम्।।इदानीं दानत्रैविध्यम् उच्यते --,

How many scholars have commented on this verse?

VaniSagar presents 20 authoritative commentaries on Bhagavad Gita 17.19, representing Advaita, Vishishtadvaita, Dvaita, Shuddhadvaita, Kashmir Shaivism, and modern Neo-Vedantic traditions.

Which commentary is best for a beginner?

For beginners, Swami Chinmayananda's and Swami Sivananda's commentaries are most accessible, written in clear modern English. For serious scholarly study, Sri Shankaracharya's commentary is the gold standard.

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