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Bhagavad Gita · BG 1.34

Bhagavad Gita 1.34 — Commentary

19 Scholarly Commentaries · Advaita · Vishishtadvaita · Dvaita · Bhakti

Shankaracharya · Ramanuja · Madhvacharya · Chinmayananda · Sivananda · and more

Sanskrit Original — मूल श्लोक

आचार्याः पितरः पुत्रास्तथैव च पितामहाः। मातुलाः श्वशुराः पौत्राः श्यालाः सम्बन्धिनस्तथा

āchāryāḥ pitaraḥ putrās tathaiva cha pitāmahāḥ mātulāḥ śhvaśhurāḥ pautrāḥ śhyālāḥ sambandhinas tathā

"Teachers, fathers, sons, and grandfathers, maternal uncles, fathers-in-law, grandsons, brothers-in-law, and other relatives—"

Scholar Commentaries (19)

Compare how different schools of Vedantic philosophy interpret this verse.

Sri Shankaracharya

8th century CE · Advaita Vedanta

Advaita

The greatest Advaita philosopher, authored the definitive Sanskrit commentary (Bhasya) on the Gita.

1.34 Sri Sankaracharya did not comment on this sloka. The commentary starts from 2.10.

Sri Ramanuja

11th–12th century CE · Vishishtadvaita

Vishishtadvaita

Founder of Vishishtadvaita, emphasized Bhakti and the personal nature of Brahman.

अर्जुन उवाच संजय उवाच स तु पार्थो महामनाः परमकारुणिको दीर्घबन्धुः परमधार्मिकः सभ्रातृको भवद्भिः अतिघोरैः मारणैः जतुगृहादिभिः असकृद् वञ्चितः अपि परमपुरुषसहायः अपि हनिष्यमाणान् भवदीयान् विलोक्य बन्धुस्नेहेन परमया च कृपया धर्माधर्मभयेन च अतिमात्रस्विन्नसर्वगात्रः सर्वथा अहं न योत्स्यामि इति उक्त्वा बन्धुविश्लेषजनितशोकसंविग्नमानसः सशरं चापं विसृज्य रथोपस्थे उपाविशत्।

Sri Madhavacharya

13th century CE · Dvaita Vedanta

Dvaita

Proponent of Dvaita philosophy emphasizing the eternal distinction between soul and God.

Sri Madhvacharya did not comment on this sloka. The commentary starts from 2.11.

Swami Chinmayananda

20th century CE · Neo-Vedanta

Neo-Vedanta

Modern Vedantic teacher whose commentary bridges ancient wisdom with contemporary life.

एक ही क्षत्रिय परिवार के लोगों के बीच होने जा रहे इस गृहयुद्ध के विरुद्ध अर्जुन भगवान् श्रीकृष्ण को अन्य तर्क भी देता है। भावाविष्ट अर्जुन अपने कायरतापूर्ण पलायन के लिये अनेक तर्क देकर अपने विचार को उचित सिद्ध करना चाहता है जबकि भाग्य से प्राप्त कर्तव्य करने से वास्तव में वह दूर भाग रहा है। उसने जो कुछ पहले कहा था उसी को वह दोहराता रहता है क्योंकि श्रीकृष्ण अपने गूढ़ मौन द्वारा उसके तर्क स्वीकार नहीं कर रहे थे। भगवान् के अधरों की तीक्ष्ण मुस्कान अर्जुन को लज्जित कर रही थी। वह अपने मित्र एवं सारथि श्रीकृष्ण की अपने विचारों के प्रति स्वीकृति और सहमति चाहता था परन्तु न तो उनकी दृष्टि के भाव से और न ही उनके शब्दों से उसे इच्छित सहमति मिल रही थी।

Swami Sivananda

20th century CE · Integral Yoga

Integral Yoga

Divine Life Society founder who synthesised Jnana, Bhakti, Karma, and Raja Yoga.

1.34 आचार्याः teachers? पितरः fathers? पुत्राः sons? तथा thus? एव also? च and? पितामहाः grandfathers? मातुलाः maternal uncles? श्वशुराः fathersinlaw? पौत्राः grandsons? श्यालाः brothersinlaw? सम्बन्धिनः relatives? तथा as well as.No Commentary.

Swami Ramsukhdas

20th century CE · Gita Press Gorakhpur

Bhakti

Prolific author and commentator whose Hindi commentaries are among the most widely read in India.

व्याख्या --[भगवान् आगे सोलहवें अध्यायके इक्कीसवें श्लोकमें कहेंगे कि काम, क्रोध और लोभ--ये तीनों ही नरकके द्वार हैं। वास्तवमें एक कामके ही ये तीन रूप हैं। ये तीनों सांसारिक वस्तुओं, व्यक्तियों आदिको महत्त्व देनेसे पैदा होते हैं। काम अर्थात् कामनाकी दो तरहकी क्रियाएँ होती हैं--इष्टकी प्राप्ति और अनिष्टकी निवृत्ति। इनमेंसे इष्टकी प्राप्ति भी दो तरहकी होती है --संग्रह करना और सुख भोगना। संग्रहकी इच्छाका नाम 'लोभ' है और सुखभोगकी इच्छाका नाम 'काम' है। अनिष्टकी निवृत्तिमें बाधा पड़नेपर 'क्रोध' आता है अर्थात् भोगोंकी, संग्रहकी प्राप्तिमें बाधा देनेवालोंपर अथवा हमारा अनिष्ट करनेवालोंपर, हमारे शरीरका नाश करनेवालोंपर क्रोध आता है, जिससे अनिष्ट करनेवालोंका नाश करनेकी क्रिया होती है। इससे सिद्ध हुआ कि युद्धमें मनुष्यकी दो तरहसे ही प्रवृत्ति होती है --अनिष्टकी निवृत्तिके लिये अर्थात् अपने 'क्रोध' को सफल बनानेके लिये और इष्टकी प्राप्तिके लिये अर्थात् 'लोभ' की पूर्तिके लिये। परन्तु अर्जुन यहाँ इन दोनों ही बातोंका निषेध कर रहे हैं] 'आचार्याः पितरः৷৷. किं नु महीकृते'-- अगर हमारे ये कुटुम्बीजन अपनी अनिष्ट-निवृत्तिके लिये क्रोधमें आकर मेरेपर प्रहार करके मेरा वध भी करना चाहें, तो भी मैं अपनी अनिष्ट-निवृत्तिके लिये क्रोधमें आकर इनको मारना नहीं चाहता। अगर ये अपनी इष्टप्राप्तिके लिये राज्यके लोभमें आकर मेरेको मारना चाहें, तो भी मैं अपनी इष्ट-प्राप्तिके लिये लोभमें आकर इनको मारना नहीं चाहता। तात्पर्य यह हुआ कि क्रोध और लोभमें आकर मेरेको नरकोंका दरवाजा मोल नहीं लेना है। यहाँ दो बार 'अपि' पदका प्रयोग करनेमें अर्जुनका आशय यह है कि मैं इनके स्वार्थमें बाधा ही नहीं देता तो ये मुझे मारेंगे ही क्यों? पर मान लो कि 'पहले इसने हमारे स्वार्थमें बाधा दी है' ऐसे विचारसे ये मेरे शरीरका नाश करनेमें प्रवृत्त हो जायँ, तो भी (घ्नतोऽपि) मैं इनको मारना नहीं चाहता। दूसरी बात, इनको मारनेसे मुझे त्रिलोकीका राज्य मिल जाय, यह तो सम्भावना ही नहीं है, पर मान लो कि इनको मारनेसे मुझे त्रिलोकीका राज्य मिलता हो तो भी (अपि त्रैलोक्यराज्यस्य हेतोः) मैं इनको मारना नहीं चाहता।

Sri Harikrishnadas Goenka

19th–20th century CE · Gita Press

Vaishnava

Co-founder of Gita Press Gorakhpur whose translations shaped how millions of Hindus read scripture.

Sri Sankaracharya did not comment on this sloka.

Sri Anandgiri

13th century CE · Advaita

Advaita

Pupil of Adi Shankaracharya's lineage who wrote important sub-commentaries (Tikas).

मातुला इति। श्याला भार्याणां भ्रातरो धृष्टद्युम्नप्रभृतयः। वध्येष्वपि स्वराज्यपरिपन्थिष्वाततायिषु कृपाबुद्ध्या स्वधर्माद्युद्धात्पूर्वोक्तमोहादिवशात्प्रच्युतिं प्रदर्शयति एतानिति। जिघांसन्तं जिघांसीयात् इति न्यायादेतेषां हिंसा न दोषायेत्याशङ्क्याह घ्नतोऽपीति।

Sri Dhanpati

14th century CE · Vedanta

Advaita

Disciple of Vidyaranya who authored important sub-commentaries on Vedantic texts.

तान्विशिनष्टि आचार्या इति। मातुला जननीभ्रातरः। भार्याभ्रातारः स्यालाः। स्पष्टमन्यत्।

Sri Neelkanth

17th century CE · Advaita

Advaita

Wrote "Bhārata Bhāvadīpa", a verse-by-verse commentary on the Mahabharata including the Gita.

स्याला इति स्यालशब्दो दन्त्यादिः।वि जामातुरुत वाघा स्यालात् इति मन्त्रवर्णात्।स्याल्लाजानावपतीति वा लाजा लाजतेः स्यं शूर्पं स्यतेः इति यास्कः।

Sri Sridhara Swami

14th century CE · Advaita

Advaita

Authored "Subodhinī", widely praised for its clarity and depth across all Vedantic schools.

ननु यदि कृपया त्वमेतान्न हंसि त्वामेते राज्यलोभेन हनिष्यन्त्येव। अतस्त्वमेवैतान्हत्वा राज्यं भुङ्क्ष्व तत्राह एतान्नेति सार्धेन। घ्नतोऽप्यस्मान्घातयतोऽप्येतांस्त्रैलोक्यराज्यस्यापि हेतोस्तत्प्राप्त्यर्थमप्यहं हन्तुं नेच्छामि। किं पुनर्महीमात्रप्राप्त्यर्थमित्यर्थः।

Sri Abhinavgupta

10th–11th century CE · Kashmir Shaivism

Kashmir Shaivism

Supreme scholar of Kashmir Shaivism who interpreted the Gita through the non-dual Tantric lens.

न च श्रेयोऽनुपश्यामीत्यादि। अमी आचार्यदयः इति विशेषबुद्ध्या ( N शेषबुद्ध्या) बुद्धौ आरोप्यमाणाः वधकर्मतया अवश्यं पापदायिनः। तथा भोगसुखादिदृष्टार्थमेतद्युद्धं क्रियते इति बुद्ध्या क्रियमाणं युद्धे (S युद्धेषु वध्य K युद्धेष्ववध्य ) वध्यहननादि तदवश्यं पातककारि इति पूर्वपक्षाभिप्रायः। अत एव स्वधर्ममात्रतयैव कर्माणि अनुतिष्ठ न विशेषधियेति उत्तरं दास्यते।

Sri Jayatritha

14th century CE · Dvaita Vedanta

Dvaita

A pre-eminent Dvaita scholar who wrote decisive commentaries defending Madhvacharya's views.

Sri Jayatirtha did not comment on this sloka. The commentary starts from 2.11.

Sri Madhusudan Saraswati

16th century CE · Advaita

Advaita

Wrote "Gudhartha Dipika", a celebrated commentary reconciling Advaita and Bhakti.

येषामर्थे राज्याद्यपेक्षितं तेऽत्र नागता इत्याशङ्क्य तान्विशिनष्टि स्पष्टम्। ननु यदि कृपया त्वमेतान्न हंसि तर्हि त्वामेते राज्यलोभेन हनिष्यन्त्येव अतस्त्वमेवैतान्हत्वा राज्यं भुङ्क्ष्वेत्यत आह त्रैलोक्यराज्यस्यापि हेतोः तत्प्राप्त्यर्थमपि अस्मान्घ्नतोऽप्येतान्न हन्तुमिच्छामि इच्छामपि न कुर्यामहं किं पुनर्हन्याम् महीमात्रप्राप्तये तु न हन्यामिति किमु वक्तव्यमित्यर्थः। मधुसूदनेति संबोधयन्वैदिकमार्गप्रवर्तकत्वं भगवतः सूचयति।

Sri Purushottamji

16th century CE · Vallabha Sampradaya

Shuddhadvaita

Son of Sri Vallabhacharya, who continued the Pushti Marg tradition of Gita exposition.

तान् सर्वान्नामभिर्गणयति आचार्या इति। एते राज्यभोगे नियुक्तास्ते त्वत्र मरणार्थमुपस्थितास्तन्मारणानन्तरं स्वस्यानपेक्षितत्वात् राज्यभोगसुखादिभिर्न किञ्चित्कार्यमित्यर्थः।

Sri Vallabhacharya

15th–16th century CE · Shuddhadvaita

Shuddhadvaita

Founded the Pushti Marg devotional tradition, focused on Krishna as the Supreme Being.

Sri Vallabhacharya did not comment on this sloka.

Swami Gambirananda

20th century CE · Ramakrishna Mission

Advaita

Translated the Sanskrit commentaries of Shankara into precise English for modern readers.

1.34 Sri Sankaracharya did not comment on this sloka. The commentary starts from 2.10.

Dr. S. Sankaranarayan

20th century CE · Academic / Shaiva

Shaiva

Scholar-practitioner who authored commentaries uniting rigorous Indology with spiritual practice.

1.30 1.34 Na ca sreyah, etc., upto mahikrte. Those who are wrongly conceived as object of slaying, with the individualizing idea that 'these are my teachers etc.'8 would necessarily generate sin. Similarly, the act of slaying even of those deserving to be slain in the battle-if undertaken with the idea that 'This battle is to be fought for the apparent results like pleasures, happiness etc.'- then it generates sin necessarily. This idea lurks in the objection [of Arjuna]. That is why a reply is going to be given [by Bhagavat] as 'You must undertake actions simply as your own duty, and not with an individualizing idea'.

Swami Adidevananda

20th century CE · Ramakrishna Mission

Vishishtadvaita

Ramakrishna Mission monk who translated the Gita Bhasya of Ramanuja into English.

1.26 - 1.47 Arjuna said - Sanjaya said Sanjaya continued: The high-minded Arjuna, extremely kind, deeply friendly, and supremely righteous, having brothers like himself, though repeatedly deceived by the treacherous attempts of your people like burning in the lac-house etc., and therefore fit to be killed by him with the help of the Supreme Person, nevertheless said, 'I will not fight.' He felt weak, overcome as he was by his love and extreme compassion for his relatives. He was also filled with fear, not knowing what was righteous and what unrighteous. His mind was tortured by grief, because of the thought of future separation from his relations. So he threw away his bow and arrow and sat on the chariot as if to fast to death.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is Shankaracharya's commentary on BG 1.34?

1.34 Sri Sankaracharya did not comment on this sloka. The commentary starts from 2.10.

How many scholars have commented on this verse?

VaniSagar presents 19 authoritative commentaries on Bhagavad Gita 1.34, representing Advaita, Vishishtadvaita, Dvaita, Shuddhadvaita, Kashmir Shaivism, and modern Neo-Vedantic traditions.

Which commentary is best for a beginner?

For beginners, Swami Chinmayananda's and Swami Sivananda's commentaries are most accessible, written in clear modern English. For serious scholarly study, Sri Shankaracharya's commentary is the gold standard.

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